Secchi Disk Simulator
(in case anyone's interested)
Here's Father Secchi, the inventor of the Disk:

He was really an astronomer; he also discovered a comet, and he met Matthew Fontaine Maury.
Areva and EDF should modify the design of the new- generation EPR reactor and add smaller models to win contracts, according to the recommendations of the report. The reactor’s “complexity” is “a handicap” for its development and cost and may explain the difficulties the companies are facing in developing models in Finland and France, the report said.
UN declares access to clean water a human right
Nuclear power contributed about 15% to the total world electricity generation in 2009 with an installed capacity of 373GW. There are currently 436 nuclear reactors in operation in 30 countries worldwide. The US is the largest producer of nuclear power generating 31% of the total global nuclear generation followed by France, Japan and Russia.
Currently there are 53 reactors under construction in 14 countries with a total capacity of 51GW as of 2009 with majority being built in Asian countries.
Japan says it is planning a space mission to Mercury with a spacecraft specially equipped with mirrors to combat the planet's intense heat.
The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency believes the mirrors will help the probe to survive temperatures of up to 842 degrees on the surface of the planet, The Daily Telegraph reported.
"We need to take the next step," [Congressman Dana] Rohrabacher told SPACE.com. "Our NEO search and tracking program continues to move forward, but nobody is taking responsibility for protection. I am more confident than ever in our ability to identify potential threats from asteroids and comets, but it is critical to the future of humanity that we develop the capabilities to protect ourselves from those threats."
Rohrabacher said that the Commission on Planetary Defense that he is proposing will review our planetary readiness for an impact event and make recommendations on how to develop an adequate response system to those threats.
In the area of nuclear energy, the United States and Kazakhstan intend to share expertise between national laboratories and scientific organizations that will facilitate the safe and secure development of Kazakhstan’s commercial nuclear industry.
It's very warm in Central Europe - high temperatures in Pilsen reach 35 °C - and the global mean temperatures are close to the July 2009 values which were pretty warm.
But the sea ice tells us a different story.
For several months, The Cryosphere Today has been showing the decline of the Arctic sea ice. Several months ago, the anomaly grew and almost reached zero but it stayed slightly negative throughout 2010 and has been dropping, reaching -1.5 million squared kilometers a week ago or so.
However, the figure has been rising since that time and the newest reading is -1.333. At any rate, the Arctic has returned to a "shortage of ice" while the Antarctic sea ice boasts the good old tendency to grow. It's currently at +1.337 - so the total global sea ice anomaly is actually positive again, despite the warm global mean temperatures.
Imagine that. Several decades of news reports about armageddon and melting ice and after 30 years, we're exactly where we were in 1980. ;-)
Hey Lubos:
What about the two papers cited in the article below (which have been around awhile) indicating that sea ice increase around Antarctica is attributable to climatic warming?
That's inconvenient. Inform Morano that he linked to support for the climatic warming scenario on your blog.
http://scienceblogs.com/illconsidered/2008/08/the_intricacies_of_sea_ice_for.php
I see, so "global warming" means changes that differ by sign according to the hemisphere. It wouldn't be terribly global.
Very "wise". It's not only "inconvenient" but I would say it is also ill-considered.
Sorry but I won't be sending any mail of the kind that "everything we see is explained by global warming" to Marc Morano because I guess that even without my help, he is getting lots of e-mail from unhinged nutcases such as yourself.
Best wishes
Lubos
Dear Lubos:
One of the characteristic signs of unhingedness (not to mention pseudoscience) is the adherence to a simplistic explanation when it is clear that a complex explanation is required.
I noted to Stephen Goddard shortly ago on WUWT that he was erroneous regarding the warming of the Southern Ocean -- which is clearly warming from observable data. This would seem at odds with increasing Southern Ocean sea ice extent. Other observations indicate increased wind speeds over the Southern Ocean. Have you factored these observations into your simple "warming should result in lower sea ice extent" concept? I expect you haven't. Sea ice formation is a process including the effects of wind and temperature, density, brine exclusion, even ice morphodynamics -- does Arctic Sea ice form frazil and then pancake ice in the winter, or does it freeze in a different fashion? Do the areas in which the formation mechanism have any influence on the total sea ice extent? Are these factors considered in your analysis?
A comprehensive explanation provides a framework encompassing all data and observations. A deficient explanation does not. Warming and its accompanying regional meteorological and marine phenomena explain the increasing Antarctic sea ice extent comprehensively. Cooling does not.
Perhaps a simpler example is required. In much of upstate New York, snowfall amounts are increasing, despite observation of warmer and shorter winters. This seems counterintuitive. The comprehensive explanation is that warmer weather in the autumn allows the water in Lakes Erie and Ontario to stay warmer longer, increasing the incidence and severity of "lake effect" snowfall when cold air masses from Canada encounter the Great Lakes. A simplistic "warmer winters should mean less snow" is a deficient explanation. However, note that despite the increasing snowfall, the number of days with snow on the ground is decreasing -- also
consistent with a warming regime.
Oh yes -- another characteristic of unhingedness is deriding those who oppose you in factual discussions merely because they have raised a point of disagreement with a cherished element of the simplistic explanatory framework.
And there she was, lying on her death bed, sweating, hallucinating, but nevertheless dreaming of a rampant rut after downing a keg of ale, like the sex-crazed alchy she is.
In news we’re not sure we believe, doctors have apparently told Chezza she can’t shag or drink anything that might make her want to, while she recovers from the deadly form of malaria that put her into intensive care.
But the problem is by no means solved, the report says. Illegal logging is the first step in a larger process that often ends in complete deforestation, and it remains rife in many places. Many countries have sustainable forestry laws, but illegal logging thrives wherever corruption, chaos and political apathy are found regardless of what laws are on the books. Illegal loggers range from small, 'artisanal' groups with one truck and a couple of employees to multimillion-dollar companies who build roads and sawmills.But... here's the good part of it.
Nonetheless, illegal logging has declined sharply in the three countries studied in detail in the report. The authors found a 50% reduction in Cameroon, a 50%–75% reduction in Brazil and a 75% drop in Indonesia. Such decreases may have cost as little as $2.50 per tonne of carbon, as compared to a cost of $18 per tonne in the European Union carbon trading scheme.So let's celebrate a little.
Although the Swift satellite was designed specifically to study gamma-ray bursts, the instrument was not designed to handle an X-ray blast this bright. "The intensity of these X-rays was unexpected and unprecedented" said Neil Gehrels, Swift's principal investigator at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. He said the burst, named GRB 100621A, is the brightest X-ray source that Swift has detected since the observatory began X-ray observation in early 2005. "Just when we were beginning to think that we had seen everything that gamma-ray bursts could throw at us, this burst came along to challenge our assumptions about how powerful their X-ray emissions can be," Gehrels said.
In an address to the U.N.'s Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, the Secure World Foundation – a non-profit organization committed to space sustainability – emphasized the importance of developing a legal framework and protocol for cooperating to address this problem.
Yet tensions between countries about the best way to deal with space junk could make a solution difficult, experts say.
"In order to keep the ability to work in space, we need to reduce as much as possible the amount of debris that we put in orbit," Secure World Foundation Executive Director Ray Williamson told SPACE.com. "The reason for that is that as we go to much higher-than-Earth altitudes, the debris tends to stay in space for many years. And if you go to 1,000 km [600 miles], when you get to those altitudes, debris in space stays for centuries."
Take the best of The World Cup teams, the Group winners -- Uruguay, Argentina, United States, Germany, Netherlands, Paraguay, Brazil and Spain. These eight elite "sides" had, according to Match Analysis, an average of 656 touches per-game for each team. How many of these 656 touches per-game do you think turned into a shot on goal, an actual chance to score? An anemic 6.3 in a 90 minute contest. Argentina has been -- by far -- the most aggressive offensive team, taking an average of 9.7 shots on goal per game. Argentina averages 753 touches per-game. So, that means the most aggressive scoring threat in World Cup soccer attempts a shot on goal 1.28% of the time it touches the ball.
I don't know about you, but for me that's not must-see TV. And these are the best teams in the World Cup tournament that shoot at the goal 1% of the time. The least successful teams in the competition -- usually referred to as the worst teams -- Honduras and New Zealand, averaged 469 and 453 touches per-game respectively with a whopping production of only 1 shot on goal per game. Yes, one shot!
Argentina and Portugal lead the 32 World Cup teams in scoring. Each has averaged 2.3 goals per game. Slightly more than a third of the teams -- 11 of 32 -- averaged less than one goal per game. One team, Honduras, played their entire schedule of games without making a single goal. They never got even one ball in the net! Exactly half the teams -- 16 of 32 - allowed less than one goal per game to be scored against them. The "sides" of Portugal and Uruguay are yet to be scored on. They have allowed opposing "sides" an average of 629 touches per-game, but zero goals.
American sports fans just don't want to see a team have possession of the ball 629 times in a game and only get off one or two shots on goal. And not score at all. Boring.
And this analysis of man-advantage situations in soccer:
Many environmentalists and economists oppose any further expansion of desalination because of its price and contribution to global warming. The power needed to remove the salt from seawater accounts for up to 50 percent of the cost of desalination, and Australia relies on coal, a major emitter of greenhouse gases, to generate most of its electricity.
Critics say desalination will add to the very climate change that is aggravating the country’s water shortage. To make desalination politically palatable, Australia’s plants are using power from newly built wind farms or higher-priced energy classified as clean. For households in cities with the new plants, water bills are expected to double over the next four years, according to the Water Services Association.
WWF says the global, wild population of tigers of all species has fallen from about 100,000 to an estimated 3,200 over the past century.
Countries invited to attend the St. Petersburg summit are Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Indonesia, Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Russia, Thailand and Vietnam.
The pre-summit talks in Bali from Monday to Wednesday will hear details of each country's tiger protection plans and funding proposals.
Finally, there is a 'use-by' date, which is actually the only definitive safety guide for a shopper and signifies that a product may cause harm if eaten after this date.
The Government and the Food Standards Agency are looking at replacing this system with a simple 'use-before' date - the only piece of information that offers a safety cut-off point.
The coins span 40 years from AD253 to AD293 and the great majority are 'radiates' made from debased silver or bronze.
The hoard was the equivalent of four years of pay for a Roman legionary - and could now fetch at least £250,000. Weighing 350lb, the coins may have been buried as an offering for a good harvest or favourable weather.
The meeting, to be held on the Indonesian resort island July 12-14, was expected to produce a draft Global Tiger Recovery Programme, said Darori, the Forestry Ministry's director general of forest protection and nature conservation.That document would then be discussed at a summit of global leaders on tiger conservation in Russia in September, he said.
"This fish is delicious," said seafood distributor Sean Dimin, co-owner of Sea to Table, who visited Beaufort last year and learned that divers were catching it in "lionfish rodeos" and cooking it on the beach. ...
Distributors such as Dimin and David Johnson, president of Traditional Fisheries, are still trying to work out the economics of selling lionfish because catching it remains costly and labor-intensive. Johnson, who is based in Minnesota but whose Mexican brothers-in-law work as spear fishermen, has organized 24 fishermen near Cancun to catch lionfish.
"It's spearing, spearing, spearing," said Johnson, who delivered a shipment of lionfish to Seaver.